Examples Of Hypocrisy In The Adventures Of Huck Finn

How has man’s inhumanity towards man shaped society? Man’s inhumanity towards man has played a profound role in humans throughout history. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huck Finn is an example of him using satire to reach his readers denouncing slavery and religious hypocrisy giving examples of man’s inhumanity towards man. His main objective in using satire in Huck Finn was to protest the evil practices that were so frequent in the Frontier. By using satire this made it more appealing and enjoyable for readers and hopefully more effective in his attempt to change society. Twain depicted it under different forms like slavery and violence, certain targets of his satire were swindling, materialism, and drunkenness. Some of these were†¦show more content†¦But it warn t so. I tried it (Twain 8). His view of religion continues to deteriorate through Christian’s view of slavery. Slavery was the way of life for many Southerners and almost all A frican Americans. Those who did not partake in this destructive lifestyle were still affected by the choices people made regarding slavery. Slaves were treated as property by virtually all whites living in the South, and some Northerners looked down on them. Huck witnesses slavery firsthand since Miss Watson owns slaves. Twain uses Huck to make decisions based on this hypocritical slave-owning, Christian lifestyle. Huck must choose to either aid a runaway slave named Jim or return him to Miss Watson, while the white society of the South would expect Huck to return Jim to Miss Watson. Huck and Jim s friendship makes this a significant decision because Huck is morally conflicted. Jim is his friend, but he is also the property of Miss Watson. An excerpt from Magill s Survey of American Literature puts the situation in a right perspective exclaiming â€Å"Jim is property before he is man, and Huck is deeply troubled, surprisingly, by the thought that he is going to help Jim, not only because he sees it, in part, as a robbery, but more interestingly, because he sees his cooperation as a betrayal of his obligation to theShow MoreRelatedMorality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican author Mark Twain was one of the most influential people of his time. Twain is perh aps best known for his traditional classic, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel about an adventurous boy named Huck Finn as he traverses about on the Mississippi. Under first impressions, Huckleberry Finn would be considered nothing but a children’s tale at heart written by the highly creative Mark Twain. However one interprets it, one can undoubtedly presume that Twain included personal accounts withinRead MoreEssay on Huckleberry Finn: Hypocrisy in â€Å"Civilized† Society713 Words   |  3 PagesLambert Kelsey Mrs. Gunn A.P. English Literature 6 18 December 2012 Huckleberry Finn: Hypocrisy in â€Å"Civilized† Society The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a sequel to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain illustrates the Southern states and slavery. Published in 1884, the novel focuses on the important issues that affected America. These issues included racism, slavery, civilization and greed. The book has become one of the most controversial books ever written. The controversy hasRead MoreMark Twains Critiques Of Society In The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1274 Words   |  6 Pagescowardice and the cruelty of humanity is also present in another one of Twain’s most famous works: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout this novel, Twain passionately decries the immorality and corruption of society through the employment of rhetoric and themes. He utilizes irony to draw attention to the hypocrisy and self-righteousness of many Christians and the detrimental effects this hypocrisy can have on society. He implements pathos to highlight the greed and materialistic nature of hum anRead MoreThe Novel The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, By Mark Twain,1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is one of the most widely praised novels from that time period. In the novel, Huck Finn, the main character, embarks on an adventure to freedom along with his friend Jim. Both Huck and Jim are searching for freedom, but the types of freedom are extremely different. While Jim is hoping for freedom from slavery, Huck yearns for freedom from civilization and confinement. This is why Huck rejects civilization at the end of the novel. ThroughoutRead MoreThe American Concept Of Self Creation1647 Words   |  7 PagesAn individual assuming a new identity to avoid danger or ridding themselves of a past life, are two examples of the literary concept of Self-Creation. In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we see the main character undergo several examples of â€Å"self-creation† during the course of the story for various motivations including those mentioned above. Throughout Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character changes in identity for several reasons to include those in which he protects himselfRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain â€Å"When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.† - Jonathan Swift â€Å"Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting† In some works of literature, the main character often finds himself or herself in conflict with the social or moral values of his environment. Choose one novel or play of literary merit in which the character is at odds with the people around him or herRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2409 Words   |  10 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn is often considered one of the great American novels. Throughout the years, it has received critical attention from all sides. Revered by some and banned by others, there is no mistake that Mark Twain’s novel will always have a place in American history. In fact, another great American novelist—Ernest Hemingway—said this of Huck Finn: â€Å"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called ‘Huckleberry Finn.’ It’s the best book we’ve had. All AmericanRead MoreHuck Finn - Hypocrisy of Society Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesauthors view on any given subj ect. Although many people start to read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn thinking that it is a simple novel on a boys childhood, they soon come to realize that the author, Mark Twain, expresses his opinions on multiple important, political issues. Twain touches on subjects such as slavery, money and greed, society and civilization, and freedom. From the time of its publication, Huckleberry Finn has been distinguished as a novel with prodigious political positions andRead MoreOver time as people grow and learn new things, they develop morally. In the novel, â€Å"The Adventures1200 Words   |  5 PagesOver time as people grow and learn new things, they develop morally. In the novel, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, Mark Twain depicts society through the eyes of a young boy, and the reality that is thrown at him throughout his journey. Huck’s journey creates a clearer image of the morals that are part of everyday life, or as defined by Webster Dictionary, the â€Å"beliefs about what is right behavior and what is wrong behavior.† The beginning of his journey starts off with a large part of Huck’sRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, is set roughly in the time period of 1835-1845. The setting is in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the banks of the Mississippi River. The main characters of this novel are Huck Finn, Jim, and Tom Sawyer. Huck Finn is a very poor thirteen-year-old boy; his father is a drunk who often beats him. He is skeptical of the world he is living in, and he often questions what society has taught him. Overall, he represents what

A Comparison of Two Barbecue Restaurants Essay example

The Best Barbecue in the South Barbecue is one of my favorite foods. I have always enjoyed going into some greasy barbecue dive, listening to the blues, and feeling pretty cool. Two joints where I have eaten are Big Ds Piggy Strut Soul Pit Bar-B-Q in Clemson, South Carolina, and Hys Deli right across from the School campus. Even though both of these restaurants pride themselves on their barbecue, Big Ds is obviously the better. As I walked into the Piggy Strut for the first time, I immediately noticed the different atmosphere. The sign at the entrance said, Seat yourself if you want to eat here! As I looked around, I saw some fat guy in the corner really jamming on an electric guitar. (I later learned that was Big†¦show more content†¦I slid into my booth and ate in fear. This was nothing like eating at the Soul Pit. In my booth at Hys, I began to notice the decor. This place obviously had been decorated in the late 1930s. Besides the door-sized Marilyn Monroe poster, the only other ornamentation were posters of old western movies and the Bedtime for Breshnev poster featuring Ronald Reagan as a western ironman facing down the villainous Soviet premier. Big Ds was completely different. They had posters of rock groups, blues musicians, and famous pigs. I sat one afternoon at the Strut and read the posters for hours. At Hys I was sick of John Wayne after ten minutes. The obvious question in comparing two restaurants is which has the better food. The menu at Hys was pathetic. If you wanted to eat barbecue, you had to choose from only two selections: the sandwich plate and the barbecue plate. The first thing I noticed when the waitress brought out the food (besides her skin tight Chic jeans and the apron stolen from long John Silvers) was the extreme lack of barbecue. Both plates had plenty of potato salad, coleslaw, and curly-Q fries, but neither had enough barbecue to come close to filling me up. On the other hand, the Soul Pits menu was a three-pager. It ranged from the Big D side of pork and the Barbecue Chili to the Soul Pit Super Hot Beans and the Little D. The Little D was a barbecue sandwich about the size of a Krystal, and if you ordered fourShow MoreRelatedMcdonald s Organizational Structure And Management1605 Words   |  7 PagesMartina Velikova McDonald’s Organisational Structure and Management McDonald’s is a leading American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It is founded in 1940 as barbecue restaurant by Richard Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Mc Donald’s is in the hospitality industry, owning more than 30 000 restaurant units around the world. In 1948 the two brothers started using production-line principles in their practice, which up to now are core element of the company’s heart. ThanksRead MoreWhere Are You Going? Where Have You Been?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesyou been?†. The story is about a young girl name connie who is very beautiful, and because of this her mother hates her. Connie is a troubled teen who finds herself the center a man, Arnold Friend. He first meets her when she went to a drive in restaurant with her friends. On sunday arnold came to her house and tried to get her to take a ride with him. As she became scared and tried to get him to go away, he wouldn t leave and than began to threaten her family, and at the very end she ended up goingRead MoreProcter Gamble: the Pringles Launch1733 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame a truly global company investing in news companies and expanding its presence internationally. Around 1999 more than 300 brands in 140 countries generating total sales more than 38 billion dollars and provide jobs to 110,000 employees, investing two billion dollars (4.5% of total sales) to research and development. The company is the leader in numerous market sectors which major capabilities was its ability to link multiple technologies in order to create innovative, highly original products. Pamp;GRead MoreProcter Gamble: the Pringles Launch1727 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame a truly global company investing in news companies and expanding its presence internationally. Around 1999 more than 300 brands in 140 countries generating total sales more than 38 billion dollars and provide jobs to 110,000 employees, investing two billion dollars (4.5% of total sales) to research and development. The company is the leader in numerous market sectors which major capabilities was its ability to link multiple technologies in order to create innovative, highly original products. Pamp;GRead MoreAmerica Is Considered The Melting Pot Of The World. This1342 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. This diverse nation is filled with many different ethnicities, cultures, and people with different backgrounds. It is for that exact reason why one is able to find just about every type of food, no matter what culture, in America. Interviewing two immigrants has allowed me to grasp the fact that these different cultures is what makes the United States of America so great! I first started off by interviewing my girlfriend, Amanda, who is an immigrant from Brazil. She was blessed with the opportunityRead MoreMcdonal Class 12 Project7889 Words   |  32 Pagesin developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. FAST FOOD RESTAURANT An INTRODUCTION A  fast food restaurant, also known as a  quick service restaurant (QSR)  within the industry itself, is a specific type of  restaurant characterized both by its  fast food  cuisine and by minimal  table service. Food served in fast food restaurants typically caters to a meat-sweet diet and is offered from a limited menu; is cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot;Read MoreGlobal Marketing Strategy - Standardization vs. Adaptation Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesWhen a geocentric attitude is adopted the company leads to become a geocentric company. [e.g.: In India, Dominos Pizza has introduced tandoori pizza, the core product(pizza) is the same but the flavours are locally adapted to appeal consumers] COMPARISON OF ETHNOCENTRIC, POLYCENTRIC AND GEOCENTRIC MODEL Each model uses standardization, adaptation or both in its gene. Ethnocentrism uses standardization. The ethnocentric approach is to view local techniques as superior and effective in the globalRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Mcdonald s Marketing Strategy3432 Words   |  14 Pages(Andrea, 2007). 2.Brand overview Kaufmann Lafontaine (1994) stated that McDonald s, the biggest composition of the hamburger fast food restaurants in the world, can serve approximate 68 million consumers every day in 119 countries or regions with its over 36000 outlets. It is established in the America in 1940, when the firm started as a barbecue restaurant owned by Richard and Maurice McDonald (Ross, 2011). In 1948, they innovatively create production line principle to operate their hamburgerRead MoreProject on Mcdonalds Marketing Mix3972 Words   |  16 Pagesof  hamburger  fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries.  Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by  Richard and Maurice McDonald; in 1948 they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using  production line  principles. Businessman  Ray Kroc  joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth. A McDonalds restaurant is operatedRead MoreAn Analysis on Taj Group of Hotels3636 Words   |  15 Pagesanomalies and other learnings, the authors have presented a few recommendations to Taj Group of Hotels . The final section of the report consists of a comparison with other hotels on a variety of factors including positioning and targeting, different types of product and service offerings, channels of distribution etc. The authors believe that such comparisons would be useful to a reader who is trying to gain a better understanding of the competitive environment of the Indian hotel sectors, as well as of

Major Economic Jolts Economical Uncertainty

Question: Describe about the Major Economic Jolts for Economical Uncertainty. Answer: Introduction: Global economy has come out from the cling of the financial downturn. Since 2008 a phase of financial impasse established its firm over global economy of first world countries confronted the phase of economical uncertainty at a great degree. The emerging situation causes massive job cut and withdrawal of investment worldwide. Fall of the market share deterred many company to opt for the withdrawal from any farther investment. Massive job cut and redundancy become unavoidable eventuality worldwide. Gradual recovery from this downturn was an intense challenges for all the countries specially the developed one. After recovering from that ordeal global economy started to confront a new problem of uncertainty. The concern doesnt delimit its presence within the periphery of economics it has expanded its presence in the political arena even the question of political orientation also become a plausible issue here. On the issue of global financial stability International Monetary Fund or IMF put stress on successful normalization. In their April financial report IMF has stated that the advanced economies have already overcome the problem and the countries are in the better state than previous time. At the same time IMF has stated the vulnerability of the emerging economies. On the issue of 27th June Australian financial defined the phase as collapse of Pax Americana. The question has been raise in the context of Brexit. British decision to depart from EU has kindle this question and asking for the relevance in the global context (Czarniawska-Joerges, and Sevn, 2005). Influence of the Bretton Woods Institutions Bretton Woods Institutions came into existence after Second World War. This International cooperation among the nation states was the cardinal objective of these institutions. IMF belongs to them. This organization is ready to offer the required support to the state that is suffering for the balance of payment crisis. Global history has witnessed Pax Americana as a replacement of Pax Britannia that ended in 1914 after commencement of First World War. The time after Second World War can be defined as American century (Layne, 2012). United States took the major responsibility to reconstruct the effected world through the Marshall plan. Marhall plan offers financial support to the effected countries for the reconstruction. Bretton Woods Institutions are the helping hand for the Pax Americana peace process. This process opposed any kind of radical development in the global political arena. Tyrannies to terrorism are falling under this criterion. Communism is the recalcitrant of this, opp osing totalitarian regime such communism is one of the cardinal trait of Pax Americana. Bretton Woods systems the product of this peace process. Contemporary global crunch and Brexit has been manifested as a plausible threat for it. The robustness of the Bretton Woods system only can offer the required assurance to the global order. In order to judge the effectiveness of this system it is important to point out the performance of IMF as a global economic Salvatore (Korotayev and Tsirel, 2010). In the April report 2015 IMF has declared that developed economies has already been overcome the pang of the global crunch but emerging economies are still in trouble. Some of these countries are suffering for domestic imbalance due to that shock the political atmosphere of those economies are also directly related with that imbalance condition. The process of transmitting shock is continuing to those emerging economies that directly effecting advanced economies, because those countries are th e target of that transmission. The influence of globalization is evident to the emerging economies. These countries have exposed themselves to the global economy and encouraging foreign direct investment in their economy is one of the major traits of these countries that is the reason they manifested as more susceptible to the global downturn. Economic vulnerability is getting emerged in this direction. Despite this imbalance IMF is still active to offer needed support to these economies. IMF already sanctioned three trillion dollar over borrowing to these emerging economies. Present crisis pointed out some noticeable gap in the financial architecture in of the advanced economies. Filling up this gap is one of the critical areas of those nations. The deficiency in market liquidity can make market more volatile. IMF report is indicating towards the less resilient status of the market liquidity. IMF emphasised on successful normalization policy for all the effected countries. This pro cess encourages normalization of financial condition and monitory policy according to IMF report the sustainable recovery can be possible due to this. Responsiveness of monitory policies of the key advanced economy is one of the mandatory traits determined by IMF. In the Euro zone banks are offering non performing loan and they are competent enough to tackle those. These are happening to back the policy adopted by the government in this regard. In the referendum of 2016 UK has adopt a clear and decisive stand against their involvement in European Union. The detachment of UK from the union has been defined as Brexit. Decision of Brexit will generate a profound impact in thye economy of that country as well as in the global economy (Reinhart and Rogoff, 2008). The decision is leading UK towards devaluation of the British national currency GBP, (figure 1.1) and also offering instability in the union itself, because as a salient member and second largest economy of EU Great Britain was carrying a conspicuous weight among the whole organization. As an impact of this detachment UK will lose its access to the well defined and organised European market. The investment in that country will gradually face decay. There will be a possibility of redundancy in the work force of that country. As a fifth largest economy of world UK can generate influence their economic impasse or downturn to the other developed countries. From that point of view it can be said the crisis will be very much associated with the host country and the countries depend up on that nation. The devaluation of GBP will generate impact over the emerging economy in a negative way, because the cost friendly atmosphere of those country helps them to work as service provider for UK it is the reason they are largely depend up on GBP (Oliver and Williams, 2016). But from European perspective it can be said that the devaluation of GBP will help Euro to gain more stability and reliability in the international ma rket. The political crisis may caused by Brexit will crisis of that country only rather crisis of world. The issue of Scottish liberation will not generate any impact in global political scenario rather it will be stability issue of that country alone. From that perspective it can be said Brexit will never generate any challenge to Pax Americana. As country Australia can retain usual relation of solidarity with UK and EU. Figure 1.1 Performance of global financial system: Global financial system incorporates all the elements that facilitates international flow of financial capital that gets involved in investment and financing of trade. International institution, international agreements, and different informal and formal economic players are the part of the system. In the yea of 2007-08 the system encountered a major jolt due to the global financial crisis .After 9/11 attack in WTC global trend of financial integration adopt a new trait, financial integration between developed and emerging economies got intensified. In the year 2009 present global financial system got another major jolt due to the Euro zone crisis. In that year Greece got a deficit of 12.7% of GDP. This deficit exceeded the maximum limit seated by Euro zone that is 3%. The contagious form of the crisis embraces Spain, Portugal, and Italy. In this situation a bailout need to get provided by EU and that amount was 750 billion Euro for all the effected countries. Economics and financial experts advised for political integration of the countries to prevent the aggravation of the situation. European financial stability facility got emerged due to the crisis as a Salvatore (Crotty, 2009). This organization is committed to provide support service to all the member state to overcome the debt problem. This is a special purpose vehicle or SPV managed by European investment bank. The exact nature of the crisis is very specific. All the countries under the union are not facing the crisis rather it got emerged from the one economy and generate a contagion effect over others states. In contemporary period the issue of Brexit generates another concern to the global economy. The concern generated due to the possibility of contagious effect of British detachment over other member states of EU. Euro sceptic in the different countries has defined EU as sinking ship the voice are rising against EU from different corner. The uncertainty is emerging in two different poll at the same time. Devaluation of GBP is making investor deter from invest farther in UK at the same time Euro sceptic move of different member states are also offering concern EU investors. The uncertainty is getting clouded everywhere. Position of US dollar: US dollar is in the apex of its performance since last 12 years. Competitiveness of the American product is increasing day by day. Falling of GBP uncertainty of Euro zone political uncertainty in UK is giving more space to USA to show its credibility. Appreciation of US dollar is offering opportunity to the emerging economy and other Asian countries such as Japan is gaining competitive advantage through the foreign exchange reserve (Kilian, 2008). The concern is getting emerge for the raise of China. The country is offering more space to the public enterprises and the demand of the product and service is getting increase to the common mass day by day. The country has the infrastructure to invite investment from the developed nations. But the cardinal issue in this regard is socio political condition of the country. China is governed by autocratic communist government (Epstein, 2005). The country does not offer space for individual freedom and the freedom of speech. The tyrannical att itude of the administration cannot offer any comfort to the individual enterprise. Therefore it can be said that Chinese currency cannot be equivalent to US at any point of time in the near or distant future. As democratic continent Australia need to maintain good relationship with all the proximate threat, but for tread and commerce it need to put stress on the Euro American atmosphere because Pax Americana is ensuring the certitude for western civilization and western value system in the global context. Reference Layne, C., 2012. This time its real: The end of unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), pp.203-213. Czarniawska-Joerges, B. and Sevn, G. eds., 2005. Global ideas: how ideas, objects and practices travel in a global economy (Vol. 13). Copenhagen Business School Press. Korotayev, A.V. and Tsirel, S.V., 2010. A spectral analysis of world GDP dynamics: Kondratieff waves, Kuznets swings, Juglar and Kitchin cycles in global economic development, and the 20082009 economic crisis. Structure and Dynamics, 4(1). Reinhart, C.M. and Rogoff, K.S., 2008. Is the 2007 US sub-prime financial crisis so different? An international historical comparison (No. w13761). National Bureau of Economic Research. Oliver, T. and Williams, M.J., 2016. Special relationships in flux: Brexit and the future of the USEU and USUK relationships. International Affairs, 92(3), pp.547-567. Crotty, J., 2009. Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the new financial architecture. Cambridge journal of economics, 33(4), pp.563-580. Kilian, L., 2008. Exogenous oil supply shocks: how big are they and how much do they matter for the US economy?. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), pp.216-240. Epstein, G.A. ed., 20A05. Financialization and the world economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Retention in Schools

Retention is the process of holding back students in their previous grade especially those who have failed to meet the set requirement of the institution they are learning in.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Retention in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The students are normally forced to do the same grade again: that which they had covered the year before (Shepard Smith 2009). There are however both negative and positive effects of retaining students. Some of the negative effects include: social-emotional problems, school dropout, and poor academic achievements in the long run. Positive effects includes: it gives the students the chance to learn again and gain new skills and knowledge that they had not obtained in the previous academic year. This paper explains whether retention work in schools today taking into consideration both the positive and negative effects of retention process Many at times, schools and teachers advocate for retention of some students because of they think that the child is still young, when a child have limited academic skills, they have poor language skills, they are not mature enough to handle the next grade and if the student miss classes frequently. For a long period of time, retention has been debatable on whether to implement it in schools or not. Extreme research has been conducted on potential alternatives that can be used in place of retention. It has however been found that retention is of no benefit to a child and there are high chances that it will have many negative effects on the child.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study was conducted whereby students who had poor academic skills were combined in the same class with those students who were repeating their grade. After some period of time, they graded them based on th eir performance and compared them to their previous performances. The results showed that all the students in this class experienced relatively high test scores after retention during their first study year but in year two, three and four, their performance score was poor (Pawlas Olivia 2007). This clearly shows that there are no benefits obtained in retaining students and it proves that retention does not work. However, researchers still believe that later on retention might prove to be effective. In addition to being expensive, there are no academic benefits or advantages obtained from retention. This is because it does not add any value to the students. The academic performances of those students who had repeat was poor as compared to that of those other students who had been promoted. However, educators still continue with the procedure of retaining weak students even after retention has proved to be ineffective. Today, retention is still a major approach used by teachers with a hope and intention that it will cure their academic problems and failures. The practice of retention has persisted even after literature and research proved that it brings no benefit nor add any value to students when it comes to personal adjustment and achievement instead retention had proved to be of harm to the students.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Retention in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to a study conducted on the impacts of retention on individual achievements and student’s perception and attitude towards education, they found that retention had much greater negative effects on individual achievements and student’s perception and attitude towards education (Pawlas Olivia 2007). Students who are retained will find hard time adjusting themselves to accommodate or fit in the new group of students. It is not always easy to make new friends. There is also s hame that comes with being left behind which normally lead to low self-esteem. Retention makes students feel that they are failures even if that is not the case. Having low self-esteem may lead to failure and that is why parents and teachers should look for the best way of helping out the child instead of retaining them back. Students usually consider retention as the most stressful event in their life time because they will have to deal with the shame and making of new friends. Most students especially those who have been retained but had average grades usually feel much more devastated and may lose focus and even interest in education. Retention always gives students negative attitude towards school especially if they have been retained for more than two academic years. Some students who have been retained usually drop out of school. This therefore means that retention is one major factor that leads students out of school. Students who have been retained but continue failing may b ecome more devastated with education. They will develop the feeling of not being capable hence work out of school. Older students may become bad influence to the younger children.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The younger children may also be at risk especially if the older child who has been retained is a bully. This means that there will be no peace in the class which may lead to poor academic performance. There is however some positive effects of retention on students and they include: it gives the students the chance to learn and gain new skills and knowledge that they had not obtained in the previous academic year. Researchers believe that if retention process is presented correctly, it can help students obtain a positive attitude of I can do it which will help them achieve better grades/scores in their next academic year (Shepard Smith 2009). Promoting students without good academic groundwork may make them feel uncomfortable and mad. This will destroy their chance to cope with their studies since the next academic level will be more challenging to them. There is however no need of retaining students if it does not work or bring any form of benefits to them. The best thing that par ents, students and teachers should do is to look for the best alternative that will enable the student obtain better performance outcome. One best alternative that can be used is to ensure that students have encounters with pre-kindergarten. Children who go to school late shall have missed one academic year of study into kindergarten. Research however shows that those students who join school late when they are older are less likely to be retained in future and they will have fewer problems with school subjects. Head Start Programs can also help students improve their social skills, learning skills and good health status. Social promotion enables students to operate at the level where they feel comfortable. This normally enables the students to perform well in academics. Accelerated Schools Project, Success for All and Reading Recovery Program are some alternatives that can be used since they help diminish the chances of retaining students (Thomas 1992). Success for All provides stu dents with the right resources that will enable them learn faster and be on time. On the other hand, Reading Recovery Program mainly focus on enabling students learn how to read. It actually supports students during the period in which they learn how to read. Lastly, Accelerated Schools Project catalyzes the pace at which students get to learn and obtain instructions from their teachers. This will enable them to be fast learners. There are some people who however blame teachers for the retention process. They claim that teachers and principals in schools have lacked will to stay focused and committee themselves to adapting instructional and curriculum practices to students with different leaning capacity. There are some schools that often overlook the progress of some students instead focus more on their own failures. Some people however blame standardized testing that have been set by schools to have caused retention. This is because those set standards determines and declares stud ents who are unprepared to move to the next class. There are some institutions with higher standards which normally declare a large group of students to retain the class. This mode of testing the students is always biased especially those from the middle-class in America. In conclusion, it is well evident that retention does not work but instead it cause more harm to children than help. There is however no need of retaining students if it does not work or bring any form of benefits to them. Students who are retained are normally stressed: they find it hard to adjust themselves to accommodate or fit in the new group of students. Retention always gives students negative attitude towards school. Retention destroys the self-esteem of students: it makes them feel that they are failures. Retention is a stressful event for students. References Pawlas, G. Olivia, P. (2007). Supervision for Today’s Schools. New York: Wiley Publishers. Shepard, L. Smith, M. (2009). Flunking Grades: R esearch and Policies on Retention. London: The Falmer Press. Thomas, A. (1992). Alternatives to Retention: If Flunking Doesn’t Work, What Does? Oregon: Oregon School Study Council. This critical writing on Retention in Schools was written and submitted by user Nola West to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Nature of Childrens Learning 3-8 Years free essay sample

This paper looks at the early years of childhood development focusing on ages 3-8. This paper deals with the concept of early childhood development. It provides a history of the research in the field and explains what technological advancement have recently been made. It examines topics such as world views of early childhood, cognitive development, technology and learning, alternative learning and national curriculum. From the paper: `Children in the developmental stage of early childhood (ages 3 through 8) are concrete learners. They are exceptionally sensory; they learn best by touching, tasting, hearing, smelling, and moving their bodies. Children in this age range are active learners. They are interested in experiments, trial and error, representing what they are learning through construction and play, and finding answers in picture books. They like to find things out on their own. As they gradually become more focused on other people and the outside world, children become aware that there are many adult skills that they do not have. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Childrens Learning 3-8 Years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In environments where they are encouraged to try out these skills (such as writing) at their own appropriate level, they enthusiastically embrace learning. `

The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Essay Example

The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Essay Example The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Paper The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Paper The Little Theatre Case 9. 26 Case 9. 26 After the beginning of the year, the board of directors of the theater authorized expanding the theater’s program to seven productions and a total of 168 performances. Not surprisingly, actual costs were considerably higher than the costs from the planning budget. Grants from donors and ticket sales were also higher. After completing the analysis for the Little Theatre we found that several items could be implemented to have an accurate cost model in the future. First, we prepared a flexible budget for the Little Theatre based on the actual activity of the year. We found that there were a number of cost items such as wages, scenery items, and administrative expenses that were under estimated compared to the original anticipated budget. We also found that there were items such as the theater hall rental and the cost of the printed programs that cost less than the budgeted items. Secondly, we prepared a Cost Budget Performance Report for the year that reflected the breakeven point. We have identified the price and the number of tickets we have to sell in order to cover the cost of the number of productions and the number of performances. The breakeven point was based on the actual cost of each expense. The question was asked, â€Å"If you were on the board of directors of the theater, would you be pleased with how well costs were controlled during the year why or why not? † We were not totally satisfied with the way costs were controlled during the year because the costs below were higher than we anticipated. Wages Costumes Publicity Administrative Expenses The market may be the reason for the expenses being higher than we forecasted. For example, the theatre may not be able to pay a lower wage to the actors. In the future in order to have an accurate cost model we may improve on expenses such as costumes. We may submit bids to other vendors to see if we can lower costs. Finally, the cost formulas provided figures for the average cost per production and average cost per performance. We wanted to find out how accurate these figures would be for predicting the cost of a new production or of an additional performance of a particular production. Our analysis revealed that if the Little Theatre did six productions and one hundred and eight performances, the total cost would be $514,921 and the number of tickets that would need to be sold would be 10,298 at a price of $50. 00. We also found that the cost to produce seven productions and one hundred and sixty eight performances would be $726,900. In addition, the number of tickets that would need to be sold in order to cover this cost would be 14,438 at a price of $50. 00. Over all we project the Little Theatre will be successful if they continue to master the flex budget model.

Ethics & International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics & International Relations - Essay Example 1These myths describe many things some may look reasonable and easy to understand whereas others may not look logical. But all these myths and narrative whether reasonable or not help us to understand the big games played between big powers. These myths also indicate that events taking place around the world are ethical and moral. These myths can also answer this important question: Can International Relations theory ever be truly ethical? Generally it is said that whatever rules of fair play are taught by religion and traditional values of society are called ethics. It is important to understand the comprehensive definition of ethics. A complete clarity about what ethics or morality is necessary since there are many confusing views presented by some philosophers. The modern views about ethics clarify much confusion. The modern views are: Although it is debatable that what exact range should ethics cover. But majority of scholars agrees that it should be related to the particular concepts like vice, benefit, disgrace, obligation, duty, virtue etc. Many people look for ethical teachings in religion and tradition. But in contemporary world, these sources may not provide adequate answers. If they provide answers then they become controversial because of different interpretations. Similarly, culture also can not provide complete ethical answers in various situations. If the culture of a nation gives one interpretation then it is quite possible that culture of other nation may contradict it. But it is also true that most of the cultures have many common points to be agreed on. Almost all cultures accept and preach the common virtues like truth, honesty, steadfastness etc. It is therefore necessary to evolve a universal ethical theory. 2The universal values can take varied cultural forms in various places. Other ethical concepts can prove to be universal in reach but

Economics Incresing supermarkets chain profits by adopting different Essay

Economics Incresing supermarkets chain profits by adopting different pricing strategies in different markets - Essay Example This type of marketing strategy involves the introduction of market segmentation by the company, when the segments are introduced then the company is able to price different prices on the goods they sell in the market, higher income earners are charged higher prices while the low income earners example students pay less. Through price discrimination chain supply supermarkets are able to achieve higher profits from the same market. Premium pricing is another pricing strategy that is aimed at attracting high status conscious customers, a good is introduced in the market and its price is set at a higher level than other goods, the objective of these pricing strategy is to meet the needs of some consumers who believe that the high prices are a sign of quality, they believe that the high price on the product is as a result of high production costs which are incurred to make the product the best, for these reason they will buy the product at the high price. These customers also believe that purchasing such a product will be a symbol of self worth. Therefore the customer will buy the highly priced product because they are worth it. Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy aimed at increasing the quantity sold by a chain supply supermarket, this strategy involves lowering the prices of a product whose demand is highly elastic, this means that when the price is lowered then the demand for the product will highly increase. However this pricing strategy is applied when the price decrease will result into a high decline in costs as the sales volume increases. For this reason therefore the chain supply supermarket will reduce the price of a certain product leading to high decline in costs and therefore high levels of profits. Price skimming: Price skimming involves charging high prices on a product but then gradually lowering the prices over time, this strategy is mostly used by a chain supply company in order to recover sunk costs, the firm captures its customers surplus and hence high profits are attained in the process, however over time after the firm has gained it will lower prices gradually to the market price level. Promotional pricing: Promotional pricing involves giving a price cut on certain products for a short period of time, this is a strategy aimed at increasing the demand for a product and also attracting customers to take advantage of these offers, this strategy involves promotional discounts which aid in giving the chain supply supermarkets competitive advantage and increasing consumers turnout into their supermarkets and therefore increasing sales on the product and also other products. Price discounting: This is a strategy that is mostly used by chain supply supermarkets where they offer trade discounts, seasonal discounts and quantity discount, it is commonly used to attract more customers into the supermarket and also as a way to increase demand for its product through quantity discounts, this way the firm is able to maximise its profits by increasing its market area. Price lining: Price lining is a marketing strategy used by chain supply supermarkets and it involves product lining which aid in price lining, product lining involve offering products in the market that are related, a product line will may either have products of different sizes, types,

Police misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police misconduct - Essay Example Another officer then appeared, and started feeling and searching the person in question. He also said to him: "I could be a real jerk..some officers would arrest you for not liking the way you look"(ibid). Another incident happened recently in San Diego and raised a storm in the media. This was the case where several women were arrested by El Cajon police officer named William Robert Taylor who allegedly made them perform sexual acts in return for their freedom. One case was thus described: "In one instance detailed in a Feb. 3 arrest warrant, a woman Taylor detained for petty theft in September 2005 at an El Cajon department store told police that Taylor forced her to disrobe and perform a sex act in the back seat of his patrol car while he stood outside and watched" (http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060329-9999-2m29taylor.html ). The victim thought she had no options but to comply. Later Taylor claimed that the woman was not prompted to perform sexual act but that she willingly did it. There was yet another incident of the similar nature involving this same officer. This was when he arrested a woman for possession of marijuana plant and petty theft and told her that if she had sex with him he would not arrest her. These last two cases involve a questionable unethical behavior on the part of the police officer. The last case is somewhat more complex. It happened in Vancouver, BC, at the drug-ridden Downtown East Side. Apparently, the number of HIV infected drug users in this area has been alarming since the 1990's, and at the time when the said incident happened, in 2002, 40% of the residents of that area were HIV infected. This is higher than anywhere in Canada. This alarming fact prompted the health officials to start a safe injection needle exchange clinic, which was to be held outside, at the corner of Main and Hastings Street, which is where the greatest number of drug users can be found usually. The police had no right or warrant to close down the clinic. However, this is precisely what they did, as they alleged that there was illegal activity happening close by. This was a blow in the face of the drug addicts using heroin as well as the health officials who were concerned about more and more people getting infected with HIV virus due to the unsafe use of contaminated needles, which is apparently the quickest way for the HIV virus to enter one's bloodstream, quicker than sex for example. As in 2003 there was a new city major elected, he started a so-called 4-pillar approach to drug use in the city, which involved harm reduction, safe needle exchange sites and methadone program, as well as counseling. The police department asked the City council for permission to place more officers in the Downtown East Side, which was refused by the City council. However, the police still went ahead and, in addition to the 20 officers that were already there, they positioned another 40 officers from other areas of the city in the Downtown East Side. This made it almost impossible for the drug users to access the safe needle exchange clinic, as they had to bypass the police to get there. As the police were arresting people for drug possession,

History Of English Language Teaching

History Of English Language Teaching Today, English is the worlds most widely studied foreign language. Five hundred years ago, Latin was the most dominant language to be studied because it was the language of business, commerce and education in the western world. In the sixteenth century, however, French, Italian and English gain in importance as a result of political change in Europe and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and written communication (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Latin became a dead language. It was being started to read in the books as classic language. Children started to enter in the grammar school in sixteenth and eighteenth centuries to learn grammar rules of Latin. To learn Latin language became a mental gymnastic. In the eighteenth century, when modern languages began to enter in the curriculum of the European countries, these languages were taught by the same methods as Latin language was taught. Grammatical rules were memorized. Written practices were done. The passages were translated from the second language to the first language and vice versa (ibid). By the nineteenth century, this method was considered as a standard method of teaching language. The textbooks were divided into chapters. Each chapter contained a certain grammatical rule and rule was practices with a lot of written exercises (ibid). Methods and Approaches of English Language Teaching According to Asher and James (1982), Methods are the combination of techniques that are used and plasticized by the teachers in the classrooms in order to teach their students and approaches are the philosophies of teachers about language teaching that can be applied in the classrooms by using different techniques of language teaching. For example, if a teacher has an approach that language is the communication and learning a language is in fact learning the meanings, functions and uses of language. So the techniques will be based on the communicative language teaching and task based methods. According to Freeman (2000), Methods which are taught to the teachers make a base and give them thinking about the applicable techniques and principles according to the situation where they stand. They are clear about their attraction towards certain methods and also think that why have they repelled certain method. The knowledge of method is very necessary because their knowledge is base of teaching. Grammar Translation Method Grammar translation method was the most popular and widely used method for language teaching between the ages of 1840 to 1940. But this method was first used for teaching and learning Latin language which was not the language of common use at that time. Latin was considered as a classic language. The learners were made able to study the literature of Latin language through learning the grammatical rules of language and learning the vocabulary so that learners may translate the language in their first language and in the second language. Grammar translation method was criticized intensively in the nineteenth century because it was considered that this method cannot fulfill the demands of language learning in nineteenth century. Direct Method The direct method was the outcome of the reaction against the grammar translation method. It was based on the assumption that the learners of foreign and second language should directly think in English. This method is against the translation of written and oral text and focuses on telling the meanings of the words through action, demonstration or real objects. This method focuses on directly thinking, doing discussion and conversation in second language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Purwarno (2006) described the aims of the direct method. He described that direct method is an attempt and effort to form a link between thought and expression and between experience and language. Direct method was criticized due to the following reasons: Direct method is successful in private language schools because this method can be applied only in small classes where all the learners can get individual attention. In Direct method, the teachers extravagantly excel in keeping the mother tongue of the learners away from them. Direct method demands the learners to do oral communication in the second language and it also demands the pronunciation and accent to be just like the native speakers so there is need for the language school to hire the native speakers which actually can be very expensive. The success of the direct method depends on the teachers skills and personality more than on the methodology (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). Structural Approach The structural approach mainly employs the techniques of the direct method but the reading and writing skills are not wholly neglected. The structural approach is based on the sound principles of language learning. The structural approach says that the arrangement of the words in such a way as to form a suitable pattern and that pattern may make the meanings of the language clear to us. Any language has its own structure and skeleton which gives this language a decent appearance. A structure is a pattern and a particular arrangement of words which to indicate grammatical meanings. It may be a word, a phrase or a sentence (Gauridushi, 2011). Structural approach was criticized because it was only suitable for lower grades. Continuous teaching of structures and their repetition make the atmosphere dull and boring. It also neglected the reading and writing abilities and there was also a lack of skilled teachers (Sharma, 2011). Oral Approach/ Situational Language Teaching The oral approach is a method in which children to use whatever hearing they get from their surroundings. They also take help from the context to understand and use language. The target is to develop the skills in the individual so that he can communicate and function independently. This approach helps in the development of reading and writing skills (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). The oral approach was developed from 1930s to the 1960s by British applied linguistics such as Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornsby. The main difference between oral approach and the direct method was that the methods which were developed under this approach had theoretical principles about the selection, grading and presentation of the content and material. This sequencing of the content would lead to better learning with a good knowledge of vocabulary and grammatical patterns. In this approach all the points of language were to be presented in situations which led to the second name of the approach i.e. situational language teaching. Although, the teachers are not aware of this approach today but it had long lasting impact on language learning. However, its focus on oral practice, grammar and sentence patterns is still supported by the teachers (ibid). Audiolingual Method Audiolingual method is also known as Army Method because after the outbreak of World War II, the army soldiers decided to be proficient in the languages of their enemies. So a new learning method of foreign languages was discovered which is known as audiolingual method. This method is based on a linguistic theory and behavioral psychology. The audiolingual method was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s and the emphasis was not on the understanding of the words rather on acquisition of structures and patterns in common everyday dialogues (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). The teaching of the oral skills with accurate pronunciation, grammar and the ability to respond quickly and accurately is the main objective of audiolingual method. Reading and writing skills may be taught but they are dependent on the oral skills (Richard and Rodgers, 1986). Total Physical Response In Total Physical Response (TPR), the teacher gives the students instructions and the students follow the instructions by using whole body responses. James J. Asher, a professor, of psychology at San Jose State University developed the method Total Physical Response in late 1960s to help in learning second languages (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). According to Asher (1977), TPR is based on the premise that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring any natural language on earth including the sign language of the deaf. We can see this process if we observe the language learning process of an infant. The communication between parents and the child consists of both verbal and physical aspects. When the child is not able to speak, at the time he/she is internalizing the language. This is the time when code breaking occurs. After this process the child becomes able to speak and reproduce language. In TPR, the teacher repeats the process in the class. Students respond to the commands of the teacher which require physical movement. TPR is most useful for beginners. TPR is also used for teaching students with dyslexia or related learning disabilities. Silent Way Silent way is the method of language teaching which was proposed by Caleb Gattegno. This method is based on the view that the teachers should be silent in the classroom as much as possible but the teacher must encourage the students to speak and use the language. The most important aspect of this method is its elements that are used for language teaching i.e. colored charts and colored rods (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). This method focuses on the learners to discover on their own rather than they remember or memorize something. The learners are facilitated in learning by giving them some problem to solve which involves the materials that are needed to be learnt (ibid). Communicative Language Teaching Communicative language teaching was developed in the era of revolutions in British language teaching traditions from late 1960s. Before communicative language teaching, situational language teaching was in practice in Britain for language teaching. Communicative language teaching was actually developed in the opposition of audiolingual method which focuses on drilling and memorization. Communicative language teaching focuses on developing the ability of communication in learners in real life situations. It focuses on meaning rather than accuracy (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Natural Approach In 1977, Tracey Terrell proposed the natural approach of language teaching. This approach was influenced by Stephen Krashens theory of language acquisition. The natural approach focuses on communication as the major function of language. In this approach, language is considered as the vehicle or means of conveying a message and information. The natural approach was actually based on the observation and understanding of the acquisition of the first and the second language in informal settings (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Task-based Language Teaching Task- based language teaching is an approach that is based on the assumption that tasks are the major unit of language learning. This approach is based on the problem solving view that the learners should be given some tasks to be solved. These tasks are related to the language structures that are required to be learnt. The learners interact and communicate with each other during solving these problems. In these way, they learn the language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Comparison between Grammar Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching Grammar Translation Method Grammar translation method was first known in the United States as Prussian Method. Grammar translation method dominated European and foreign language teaching from 1840 to 1940. Characteristics of grammar translation method. According to the Richards and Rodgers (2001), the principle characteristics of Grammar Translation Method are: In Grammar Translation Method, the goal of learning a second or foreign language is mainly to be enabling to read the literature of that language and is to get benefit from intellectual development that results from foreign and second language study. Grammar Translation Method enables to learn detailed grammatical rules of target language and enables to translate into and out of the target language. In Grammar Translation Method, reading and writing skills are focused while listening and speaking skills are totally ignored. In Grammar Translation Method, the memorization of grammatical rules of foreign language and of the vocabulary items is focused. Vocabulary items are limited to the text that they are taught. Vocabulary items are memorized with the help of their meanings in the native language. In Grammar Translation Method, sentenced is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. The learners are enabled to do detailed analysis of a sentence through this method. The learners are enabled to translate a sentence into and out of the target language. In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency. The basic purpose of this method used to be able to pass the written examinations. In Grammar Translation Method, grammar is taught deductively i.e. by presenting and practicing the detailed grammatical rules of target language. A syllabus of grammatical rules if followed in which rules are systematically put in to a sequence starting from the simple rules to the complex rules. In Grammar Translation Method, students are directed and instructions are given in the students native language so that they may easily understand the instructions. The students native language is used to explain new items and to enable them to compare two languages i.e. native language of the learners and foreign language. Main techniques associated with grammar translation method. There are some major techniques that are adopted in the teaching of second or foreign language through Grammar Translation Method. Translation of a literary passage. Students translate a reading passage into and out of the target language. In checking of the translation, the focus of the teacher is on vocabulary and grammatical structures. The translation may be written or spoken or both. Students should not translate idioms but must understand their meanings. Reading Comprehension Questions. A passage for reading and understanding is given to the students and they have to answer the questions given at the end of the passage in the target language. The questions are put into a sequence. The first group of questions is related with the information drawn from the passage, second group of questions require students to make inferences based on their understanding of the passage. The third group of questions requires students to relate the passage with their own experiences. Antonym and synonyms. Students are given a list of words and a passage. The students have to find out the antonyms of those words in the passage. Similarly, the students can also be given a list of words and can be asked to find out the synonyms of the given words from the passage. Deductive application of rules. Grammar rules are presented before the students with the all possible information that can be given to the students relating to the grammatical rules. The rules are also explained with examples. Once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it for some different examples. Fill in the blanks. The students are given a series of sentences with some missing words. The students have to fill in the blanks with some suitable grammar items such a preposition and verbs with different tenses Memorization. The students are given a list of vocabulary to memorize them with their meaning in the native language. Students are also required to memorize the grammatical rules. Use words in sentences. In order to check the understanding of the meaning and sue of vocabulary, the students are asked to use the list of typical words in their own sentences. Composition. The teacher gives a topic to the students to write about that topic in the target language. The topic is based on some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson (Freeman, 1986). Advantages of grammar translation method. Nazir (2002) narrated as The structure of a foreign language is best learnt when compare and contrasted with that of the mother tongue. According to Ishtiaq (2005), the Grammar Translation Method is based on a system and is in a sequence because in this method all the grammatical rules are arranged into a sequence for the convenience of the students. This sequence starts from the simple rules and eventually leads to the complex rules. When a book is written by an author on grammatical rules keeping in view the sequence, he writes one lesson that is completely based on one rule of grammar. Each lesson is divided into certain rules and these rules dominate the lesson. Larson (1986) narrated importance of Grammar Translation Method as in Grammar Translation Method, students are made to learn new words. Therefore, this method helps in improving vocabulary. Reading and writing are the two primary skills that are developed most so as to enable the students to read the literature in target language. Grammar is taught deductively and it makes use of students mother language. Disadvantages of grammar translation method. Neilson (2003) stated that in Grammar Translation Method, oral skills i.e. speaking and listening skills are totally neglected while the whole attention is given to just reading and writing skills. Through this method, the students become able to read the literature of the target language by translating it into their native language but cannot communicate into the target language and even cannot understand the target language spoken by any native speaker. In Grammar Translation Method, the authority of the classroom is totally in the hands of the teacher and teacher is at the centre of the classroom. The communication is just from teachers to students not from student to teacher and not even from students to students. The students are considered empty minded which have needed to be filled with all the possible vocabulary and grammatical structures that can be filled in their minds (ibid). The main disadvantage of the Grammar Translation Method is that it is almost impossible to translate all the phrases and sentences into the target language because the main focus is the translation of this method so such students who have been taught through this method become fail to communicate well in the target language (ibid). In the Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency and students go on thinking to accurate the grammatical rules which actually hinder their fluency. In Grammar Translation Method, the teacher abruptly interferes and stops the students wherever they make the mistakes so they become conscious while speaking and communicating in the target language and become unable to be fluent (ibid). Criticism of the grammar translation method. There have been various criticisms on the use of Grammar Translation Method for the teaching of modern language particularly English. There are some objections that have been put on the Grammar Translation Method. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes on the reading and writing skills on the expense of listening and speaking skills. But learning the listening and speaking skills of a language is more important than leaning reading and writing skills because it is a natural way of learning a language. In Grammar Translation Method, writing gives learners a reflective chance to look at their writing that whether they have written correct spellings, vocabulary and grammatical rules. The main aim and goal of most of the learners in learning modern languages is not just to develop reading and writing skills whereas they want to communicate well and understand the native speakers language. Grammar Translation Method demands the arrangement of the grammatical rules in a structure starting from the simple rules and leading to the complex rules. While most of the learners especially adult learners want to start using the language straight way because they have not got time to learn all the grammatical rules one by one and start using them after then. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes to make the students learn each rule and practice it one by one and after commanding a rule move to the next one. So there remains the need to revise all the rules again and again so that they may not get washed out of the learners mind. In Grammar Translation Method, sentence is the basic unit of the language. The learners are made able to memorize certain rules of grammar and certain vocabulary which they have to fit everywhere they find a chance to use them. But if learners find some unusual situation they become unable to fit their memorized rules to fit in that situation. In Grammar Translation Method, grammatical rules and vocabulary is memorized in modern ways of teaching a language memorization is not regarded while exposure of a language, experience and use of language is preferred and recommended. People have different learning styles. Some people like to learn vocabulary, grammar rules, phrase and sentences through memorization. But when they have to sue them, they must have time to stop and recall the memorized items. In Grammar Translation Method, the focus of the learners is the manipulation of the grammatical rules and words to write correct sentences with prescribed content. But in learning the modern languages, it is recommended that the major focus should be more and more on the oral practice and expression of the personal meanings. The expression of the personal meanings may spoil the structure of the grammar rules and sentences. In Grammar Translation Method, the teachers and the learners mostly speak in their first language or native language. While it is highly recommended that use of second and target language should be maximized in learning the language but here maximization does not mean teachers and learners should all the time speak in the target language. The speaking of the second language is also advantageous because in language classrooms we may also have multilingual learners that may belong to different languages so a single language i.e. second or target language will be convenient to use without pointing a single native language. In Grammar Translation Method, teacher should explain, describe the grammatical rules, tell the meanings of the words, translate the passages, conduct grammar practices, correct mistakes and teacher should authorized the classroom and learners. But now it is highly recommended that teachers role in the class should be as a guide and facilitator. Teachers role in the language classroom should be less. Teacher should act behind the scene. Teacher should give the problems to the learners to solve, interact among each other and generally it leads the learners to be independent learners. In Grammar Translation Method, translation is the basic technique. Translation is a way of understanding the meanings of the written and oral texts by converting the texts into the first or native language of the learners. Translation is a way of comparing and contrasting two languages i.e. first language and second language. But now it is highly recommended that translation should be avoided because it leads to such a mental process which hinders or stops learning. The learners should be encouraged to speak and even think in second language as much as possible. In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency but it is now highly recommended that accuracy should come at the last and fluency should preferred first. If the learners are corrected on their mistakes from the very beginning, they will become hesitant to speak in the target language. When they will start to speak, their minds will abruptly become read to look upon the grammatical rules that they are using so I this way they will become unable to be fluent in language (Jonathan, 2012).

Re-engineering

What is the Final Assignment? We will fire enthusiasm for learning – develop understanding of managing thereby change organizations. Preparation for the Final assignment Final Assignment How well positioned are you to complete? – and 1. Have you read the unit plan and are you clear about what you have to do for the final assignment and have you read past examples? 2. Have you understood the broad concepts and frameworks Introduced In the unit sufficiently to use them to Investigate your chosen case study? Duty? 4. Have you begun reflecting on yourself as a leader of change and begun to thing bout the areas you would like to develop your capability? 5. Have you explored all the materials available on blackboard – the assignment guide – the weekly notes, the powering slides and some articles to extend your knowledge and understanding of leading and managing change in organizations? 6. Have you reviewed the 33 key issues and thought about how they may be rele vant to your case study project? (they follow in this document) 7.Have you reviewed what we have covered in the unit so that you can make sure you have linked your case study to the concepts we have explored? (map of the unit follows in this document). . Have you arranged to have a couple of people read your final report a few days before you hand it in? 9. Have you started to reflect on what you have learned and need to learn for your personal review at the end of the assignment? A model you can follow for your final assignment report: First Take note of the advice given after your presentation and on your mark sheet for assignment 2.Read the advice on blackboard and make sure your plan covers what is asked for in the unit outline specification. Focus on the word count and work out how many words you have for each section. Abstract/intro 400 Lit/method – 300 Findings – 800 Analysis – 600 Conclusion – 300 Concentrate on the details of your data collection and the analysis. Use diagrams and models Do not put in data about the company unless it is critical to the context of the change process. Then†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Take your proposal, poster, powering and presentation script and write the first sections – Abstract/intro 400 – Lit/method – 300.Write an executive summary that includes what you did and how, and what you found. Tell the reader quickly the context of the company change and the purpose, research questions and method of your study – right up front and directly. Be brief on context – put some previous work in the appendix. Only introduce references to literature if they shaped how you approached your study or how you analyses the data – and explain how you used these concepts/ frameworks. Briefly explain what data you collected, from who/where and how with changes and limitations if necessary.Then to the main part†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Say what you collected, use the number and quotes and responses to indicate what the impact of the change was on stakeholders. Group the responses to indicate to the reader the climate at that time and the issues that were arising. Conclude by focusing on the main issues. Do not pass Judgment or interpret at this point – Just present what people have said/indicated. Then†¦. Begin the analysis and interpretation. What does the evidence you have collected say about the management of the change process? Explore these issues.Say why you are focusing on them, link them to issues in the literature if you can and then indicate what options the change process could have taken to improve the impact on stakeholders. Contrast the process with an existing change model if you wish. Then†¦.. Answer your research questions – what can you say from the evidence you have collected? Finally – critique the change rationale, the change processes and change outcomes of your case study, or focus on the area that is most ap propriate. What should they have Conclude by repeating the key issues coming from your investigation!Summaries and reinforce the key issues for the reader. Try to end with the key findings from your study. Try to emphasis what it is your study tells us about change management. What is the key learning from your study? Be explicit. Remember to make the final input about your personal development as an appendix – if in groups make sure there is one section on this for each group member – you ay put these personal accounts in the appendix. If you enjoyed the unit tell others! Model of Managing Change in Organizations What were your key issues of learning from the presentations? What have you learned that you did not know 13 weeks ago? . The forces producing change may be socio-cultural, economic, technological, political, legislative or environmental in nature. 2. Change disrupts the markets relations of competitors, suppliers and customers, dislocating the existing produ ct relations. 3. Change can be analyses in terms of speed, impact, control and predictability. 4. Change may be externally driven by social and market needs or internally resource driven to improve the company or change society. 5. Organizations are open systems that have specific characteristics that make them different from each other in structure, culture and systems. . Organizations are mediated by external forces, internal cultural shifts, and by the passage of social time. 7. Change in organizations may be to create capability to drive social change, to react to social change, or to generate fluidity to prepare of future change. 8. Strategy and change management are inextricably linked, each feeding the other. . Organizations can be ‘read' from their formal systems and from their informal shadow systems to understand their cultural, structural and system rigidity and fluidity. 10.Organizations can be understood from functional, interpretive, discursive and psychic paradi gms or perspectives. 12. Effective change management is about the rationale for changing, the direction of the change, and the implementation of that strategy. 13. Organizational change should be framed to drive current company strategy, and to be strategic, by reshaping operational capability and flexibility for future organizational strategies. 14. Mapping stakeholders indicates the risk involved in changing by accounting for the likely impact on different groups. 5. Mapping the organizational force-field reveals the forces for and against change. 16. The force-field indicates the political landscape of allies, resistance and conflict. 17. Mapping the leadership situation indicates the style and capability that is appropriate for the context and for the leader. 18. Change management actions span a continuum between hard and soft responses to meet concrete or messy problems. 19. Change proposals are context dependent and contingent upon the situation, the mime and the people involv ed. 20.Change management involves working with and politicking with the existing discourses around and within an organization. 21. Change recommendations may include structural, cultural or system change strategies so that organizational form, behaviors and processes, are better aligned with company goals. 22. Structural change may impact upon very different organizational structures such as bureaucracies, project-based, matrix, vertical networks, and virtual organizational forms. 23. Cultural change is about reshaping assumptions, values and behaviors through ramming the language and meaning within an organization, often for a new CEO. 4. Organizational learning produces conversations that build social capital, distribute knowledge and change systems. 25. System change may focus on customers, quality, re-engineering, benchmarking and performance monitoring to restructure the value chains for competitive 26. In knowledge work the mining, acquisition, storage and distribution of â₠¬Ëœlessons learned' becomes critical. 27. Leading change involves collaborative strategy formation and forming detailed communication policies. 28. Change processes must plan specific actions aimed at specific stakeholders. 9.Successful change processes include Joint diagnosis, shared visions, consensus, revitalization, modeling, and the adaptation of structures, systems and policies. 30. Change processes need continual monitoring and adjustment. 31 . Change ‘agents' can model behaviors, span boundaries and lead enabling technologies to generate productive reflection and changed behaviors within organizations. 32. Managing change processes involves building capability, and improving competencies through workshops, coaching and mentoring. 33. Managing change involves monitoring change performance through benchmarking and balanced scorecards.

Euroland Foods Essay

Executive Summary: Euroland foods is a stable name in the market, it has grown well in the market over the years, but now it is planning to allocate the budget for the newly planned activities which are costing it more than 300 Million Euros but the company has to invest only 120 Million Euros. Various people from the upper management have come up with their suggestions for investment, few of them are very good and are acceptable in just a blink of the eye but many of them require greater search and evaluation for their validity. It is suggestible to first evaluate the alternatives and then rank them so that best of the activities could take place within the allocated budget. Strengths & Weaknesses: In replacement and expansion of the truck fleet, the company can increase the number of goods hauled on the truck and this could reduce the transportation costs in the long run, further it could possibly have a greater market coverage but it is very costly to go for this option as Klink is not doing any experiment and going directly for 100 new trucks. The acquisition of new plant is although a good option but yet it is not very useful option as the investment in the entire plant can be risky and can put a lot of burden on the entire company’s budget, it is suggested that the company should buy a warehouse to support the growing needs of the customers for ice cream and yogurt. Another problem would be related to the labor hiring which would result in more costs. The expansion of the plant is a good idea as the market needs are completely growing and cannot be supported by any other plant, the plant capacity would increase by 20% but the drawback is that it is supporting those products that are not having the highest share i-e mineral water and fruit juices. Morin has come up with a good suggestion as the processing of dried fruit and its launch would enhance the company’s portfolio and also it would be a brand extension, it has got a fair possibility of growth as Europe is a cold region, the IRR is also expected to be higher than the required but then again it is requiring company to spend much more then it should spend. Also it can take the company out of budget as the company’s current concern should be about the stability of its current activities. Leyden has come up with a good idea of plant automation and conveyer system, this could reduce the need of the labor and the threats of lawsuit due to any injury that may take place because of the old plant. The company cannot only reduce the labor requirements but also may increase the market penetration as the units would be produced more efficiently now. The drawback is again related to the high costs and further the company may disappoint the labor which could be unethical and can bring agitation in labor against the company. The effluent water treatment at four of the plants is again good action since it is categorizing the Euroland foods as environmental friendly. This would add itself as strength to the company as now company would be working ethically in many ways. The drawback is related to the issue of investing in a non-functioning area, which would not bring any profits. Ponti has although suggested to expand the market to southwards and eastwards, but it is dependent on many conditions such as if proposal of earlier plant extension would not accepted then it is possible for the company to incur greater costs for reaching those newly recognized areas, further it is not suggested to go for them because the company has already got itself in other hassles and it should look at those points which could further strengthen it position in the current positions. Morin has come under the pressure of competitors and is thinking about the company’s well being, but yet there lies the problem with such a heavy investment, the company should always test market the product. Although it would be the product development to some good extent but at the same time it can cause the company to loose big money in something which it is not sure about. Klink has come up with a wonderful suggestion of networking, these days the markets are based on programs such as SAP which can control every activity of the company, if the efficiency would be there then the company may take more initiatives as it would think ahead. The weakness is again related to the increased responsibility which can cause disturbance and further it can result in unemployment as many of the activities would be performed with the help of networking. Humbolt has given a solution which suits his nature and he has again provided the company with something that could increase the liability of the company and further create more complexed problems for it. However, it seems to be very lucrative but it is all about the management capability of the company which is not appropriate in relation to such extension. Ranking the Proposals: According to my analysis, proposal 3 (plant extension) should be ranked first as it has a fair possibility of increasing the market share for those products that are stable from a period and are not growing (mineral water, fruit juices). Proposal 4 (snack foods) should be ranked second as it has got a fair possibility of market acceptance due to weather condition in Europe. Proposal 5 (Plan automation) should be ranked third as it can reduce the number of employees and other threats and can bring more profits in. Proposal 10 (Networking) should be ranked fourth as it can increase efficiency and so can reduce the number of positions in the company. Proposal 6 (Effluent water treatment) should be ranked fifth as it is environmental friendly and â€Å"good ethics is good business†. Proposal 1 (Truck fleet) should be ranked sixth as it is requiring a direct investment for 100 trucks where as the company should look for such changes in a slow manner. Proposal 9 (Sweetened yogurt) should be ranked seventh as it is very risky as it would take a lot of research and can distract the firm from its other stability objectives. Proposal 2 (new plant) should be ranked eighth as it would associate exceeding costs with it such as new labor, transportation and many other costs. Proposal 7 & 8 (market extension southward and eastward) should be ranked ninth and tenth as it is again distracting the company from its current objectives and its too risky as the entering market characteristics are opposite and against the company’s favor. Proposal 11 (Schnapps) should be ranked eleventh as it is completing out of the scope of the company’s feasibility. Effluent Water Treatment: Since the effluent water is just something the company is willing to acquire as a mean to have good public relations and to be able to contribute to the environment. It is just something which cannot bring company the profits, it would cost 6 million Euros if the facility equipment would be purchased now but later on it can be costly and government at times does affect the company’s investing powers. So it is better to buy this equipment before the government makes it a mandatory for the company to buy it. Conclusion: The ranking shown above is itself suggesting what should be done. According to the analysis, proposal 1, 3, 4, 5, & 6 should be given utmost importance as it is feasible for the company to get them done within the allocated budget, so Mr. Verdin should give them more importance and recommend them to the board. They can also make the current position of the company stable and perhaps make it more efficient. Other projects have their own importance but they are not triggering the initial need of the company which is stability. The mentioned proposals would make the base of the company’s structure sounder and so it can look forward for other proposals in the future time period with more ease.

An for Maus Essay Example

An for Maus Essay Example An for Maus Essay An for Maus Essay Essay Topic: Maus In his introduction to Art from the Ashes: A Holocaust Anthology, Laurence Lagner argues that Language, of course, has its limitations (3) when writing about the the holocaust. When witnessing the slaughter of children in Warsaw by the Nazis, Abraham Lewis wrote that there is nothing to be gained by expressing in words everything that we feel (3). Those experiencing the holocaust witnessed the limitations of language first hand, as their words were incapable of stopping the atrocities happening all around them. However, these same words, which so utterly owerless to the writer, exemplify the power of language by leaving behind a record of scenes that nothing but language could have captured for the future (4) In our contemporary context, the real limitations of language in relation to holocaust writing is not found in the first hand accounts, but rather in post-holocaust writing that attempts to apply familiar literary devices and tropes to events that are alien to the ordinary reader. Spiegelman, however, avoids using such literary cliches as heroism, hope, or the triumph of love over hate in Maus and Maus II. According to Lagner, ffective holocaust literature is an experience in unlearning (5), as both the writer and the reader must come to terms with abandoning all safe props in order to come closer to comprehending the holocaust experience. Therefore, because all cliches and conventions are abandoned in Maus and Maus II, readers are forced to confront the reality of the holocaust withou t the safety or preconceptions of the familiar, which is invaluable for helping us come to terms with and to understand an event so unthinkable. One of Spiegelmans most unconventional elements is using the form ofa graphic ovel to write a historical biography of a holocaust survivor. This form immediately places readers in an unfamiliar context, which is very effective in preparing them for the absence of familiar literary conventions. It is not difficult to find examples of individual panels in Maus and Maus II that effectively convey the raw unthinkableness of the holocaust. For me, there is one panel in particular in Maus that made me put the book down with the intention of never picking it up again. This is the seventh panel on page 108, which depicts a German soldier killing a Jewish child by swinging him by his leg and smashing him into a wall. It is not true that words unaccompanied by pictures always fail to convey Just how inhumane and unimaginable the holocaust was. For example, Lagners own description of the excremental assault a woman he interviewed endured while escaping from a Nazi round up attests to the ability of language to describe the unthinkable (6). Nevertheless, a drawing such as this one leaves nothing to the imagination. What is more, the graphic novel does not allow words to manipulate or mislead the reader. Instead, it provides a context where simple language can carry so much raw emotion without being cliche. The words accompanying this panel and the previous panel on page 108 of Maus are an example of this. The first panel reads: Some kids were screaming and screaming. They couldnt stop. The words accompanying the panel described above read: So the Germans swinged them by the legs against a wall .. .And they never anymore screamed (p. 108). I nere are no cllcnes In tnls norrenaous aeplctlon 0T tne cola- Dlooaea murder 0T children as young as two years old. When we look for some meaning in their demise, there is nothing there. According to Lagner, effective holocaust literature forces us to surrender.. the comforting notion that suffering has meaningthat is strengthens, ennobles, or redeems the human soul (p. 5). The acts of brutality that the Nazis carried out during the holocaust were not counter balanced in any manner by opposing acts of love, kindness or redemption. Instead, those subjected to its horrors, we forced into a survival mode that put individual preservation above all else. In both Maus and Maus II, there are acts of individual kindness, but these are not part ofa larger theme about community or the human condition. They are just about survival and circumstances, as is the case with Arts farther. It is clear from the two graphic novels that his surviving the holocaust was part luck and part ingenuity. The sheer luck and randomness of surviving the holocaust can be seen in the story he tells about getting stopped by a German soldier nicknamed The Shooter because he liked to randomly shoot a Jewish person everyday. The reason why the soldier did not shoot him was because of the last name, Spiegelman. The soldier knew Vladeks cousin, Haskel,who was chief of the Jewish police and collaborating with the Nazis. There are two situation involving Vladeks cousin that how there is no comfortable cliches for genuine holocaust literature. One of these situations involved Haskel helping Vladak, his wife and nephew get released from detention that would have resulted in their being taken to a concentration camp. Vladak was able to arrange for this to happen by paying his cousin to help. When Art learned this, he was shocked that Vladek had to pay his own family for help. As a result, he tells his father that even if he did not have the money, his cousin would have helped him. However, Vladak tells Art that he simply does not understand and t that time it wasnt anymore families. It was everybody to take care for himself! Another element that emerges in the Maus graphic novels is how much of a negative psychological impact the holocaust had on its survivors and on the children of its survivors. The Maus books do not glorify the holocaust by depicting Vladek as a man who survived this horrible event but learned and grew from it. Instead, the Maus books reveal that the holocaust left Vladek extremely emotionally and psychologically damaged. The fact that holocaust tainted everything that Vladek did can be seen right at the beginning of Maus. In the graphic novels first scene, we see Art as a child. In this scene, Art falls off his bicycle, but his friends do not wait for him. When he gets home, he is upset, so he tells his father what happened. With the help of how each panel is drawn and arranged, the full negative impact of the holocaust on Vkadek can be seen. When Art comes home crying, Vladek immediately starts to comfort him. In one panel, there is a close up of Vladek hugging Art, which clearly reveals how much he loves Art. However, when Art tells his father that his friends had been mean to him, the holocaust takes over. He tells Art If you lock them together in a room with no food for a week Then you could see what it is, friends! . It is clear that the holocaust had greatly ink acted Vladeks ability to be a patent. In fact, it tainted his perspective so much that it filled Art as well. This can be seen by the fact that he is writing the graphic novels as a method to try to understand his father as well as himself. The flaws that dominate Vladeks personallty are not a renectlon 0T tne reaeemlng nature 0T tne nolocaust. Instead, they are simply the result of surviving such a traumatic event.